Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Research Paper - Essay Example Moreover, in case that an agreement is developed between a firm and an advertising agency, this agreement needs to be aligned with the firm’s culture and aims. Otherwise, the chances for the survival of this agreement would be limited. In the case of General Motors, another aspect of the relationship between the firm and its advertising agency has been given: the above relationship reflects specific interests; if these interests are changed, then the cooperation between the above parties may be ended. In this context, General Motors had to terminate its cooperation with the advertising agency Publicis Groupe SA., almost a month after the above agency replaced Campbell-Ewald (an agency which had the responsibility for the advertising campaigns of Chevrolet since 1919). Indeed, in May 2010, General Motors switched to Goodby, Silverstein & Partners (part of the Omnicom Group) from Publicis Groupe S.A. – a cooperation that lasted – as noted above – for, just, about a month. The decision of GM to switch to Publicis Groupe SA will not particularly analyzed – since it was for an agreement that last for about a month. Rather the reasons for the termination of the firm’s cooperation with Campbell-Ewald – a cooperation, which started in 1919 – and for the development of an agreement with Omnicom Group need to be further analyzed. In accordance with Krisher (2010) the managers of GM did not give particular explanations for their decision to terminate their cooperation with Campbell-Ewald; on the other hand, the managers in GM had noted that there were problems in the performance of Campbell-Ewald – especially regarding ‘advertising and marketing’ (Krisher 2010). In the past, the above agency had significantly supported the expansion of Chevrolet across USA through the well-known ads of ‘See the USA in your Chevrolet’ (Krisher 2010), an ad of 1950s and ‘Like a Rock’ (Krish er 2010) in 1990s. It is suggested that GM should reconsider its decision to change its agency, taking into consideration the success achieved for the firm in the past through the ads of Campbell-Ewald. On the other hand, in May 2010, GM changed its marketing director; the new marketing director of the firm, J. Ewanick, had previously worked in Hyundai; there he managed to achieve a significant increase of the firm’s sales through the Goodby, Silverstein & Partners (Woodall 2010); the first target of J. Ewanick as the marketing director of GM has been the change of the firm’s traditional marketing strategy – which has been characterized as too conservative (Woodall 2010); the switch in the firm’s agency – from Publicis Groupe S.A to Goodby, Silverstein & Partners – should be regarded as part of this effort (Elliott 2010). b. Find examples of advertising and other promotional programs that were developed by the old agency and examples of ads developed by the new agency. Do you think the advertising campaign and messages being developed by the new agency are better and/or more appropriate for the company than those of the old agency? Why or why not? The effectiveness of the two agencies, Goodby, Silverstein & Partners (current agency of GM, from May 2010 onwards) and Campbell-Ewald (agency of GM from 1919 up to April 2010) would be examined by referring to examples of their advertising practices. The examination of the advertising pract

Scene between Elizabeth and Proctor Essay Example for Free

Scene between Elizabeth and Proctor Essay During the two exchanges Miller creates semantic fields using temperature as the subject. In Act 1 this field focuses on heat to describe the relationship between John Proctor and Abigail. Within the exchange Abigail uses this imagery of heat frequently â€Å"I have a sense for heat† and â€Å"burning in your loneliness†. The words â€Å"heat† and â€Å"burning† create the semantic field and are used to portray the passion and lust that caused the affair. This use of heat also presents their relationship as alive as â€Å"heat† is immediately linked to fire through the use of the word â€Å"burning†. This causes their relationship to be seen as intense and bright like flame in a fire. The images of heat are immediately linked to their affair when Abigail says how he â€Å"sweated like a stallion†. This, â€Å"sweated†, is caused by their desire which is presented by heat during the scene. Miller uses this semantic field to present the relationship between the two characters as uncontrolled and based on carnal desire and lust rather than a relationship based on love which would last. Miller goes further to emphasise this as Abigail says â€Å"You are no wintry man†. This confirms that their relationship is based on â€Å"heat† as she even goes as far as to say that no coldness or even common sense is present within John when he is with her. This defines their relationship completely as she denies that coldness exists within them. In complete contrast to the semantic field of heat in Act 1, during the exchange between Elizabeth and Proctor the semantic field revolves around the cold. Miller uses this to present their relationship as controlled and strained. Elizabeth and Proctor’s relationship has been affected badly by the affair and the trust between the two is lost. John says how â€Å"it is winter in here yet.† The word â€Å"winter† affirms the feelings that the relationship is cold and now they are distant from one another. The use of â€Å"winter† also makes the audience feel as though, like nature in winter, the relationship between the two is dead. This is contrasting to the exchange in Act 1 as their relationship is portrayed like a fire which is alive and burns brightly and intensely. This dead atmosphere continues to grow as Proctor states how a â€Å"funeral marches round your heart.† The word â€Å"funeral† immediately conjures the images of death and the audience is alerted more prominently to the theme of death that surrounds their relationship. The mention of a â€Å"funeral† also stretches further to bring an element of sadness and despair to their relationship. This adds to the themes of cold and dead. Miller goes further to present their relationship as like ice. Proctor describes Elizabeth’s judgement as â€Å"your justice would freeze beer!†. This links to the semantic field of the cold and presents their relationship as hard and unyielding as ice. The use of the exclamation mark makes the feeling of cold more definite and pronounced. During both exchanges the atmosphere is presented as tense due to the affair which Proctor had with Abigail. In the scene with Elizabeth and Proctor it is prominent in the way they interact with one another and how the pace and volume begin to increase as the scene progresses. At the very beginning of the scene John is shown to be tampering with the stew Elizabeth has produced, â€Å"takes a pinch of salt, and drops it into the pot†, however, Elizabeth is not aware of this. Proctor does not want to offend Elizabeth or make their relationship more awkward so he seasons the stew without telling her. This could be interpreted as the beginning of the tension in Act 2 as the audience would think it unnatural that a married couple do not share their true feelings to one another. The tension is amplified when Elizabeth is presented as being suspicious of Proctor, â€Å"What keeps you so late†, she appears to be insecure and suspicious as to whether he is still having an affair with Abigail. Their relationship is not presented as stable but forced and strained. This causes tension in the audience as they are aware of the underlying issues but here feelings are being suppressed and the audience know that at some point they will have to be released. The biggest increase in tension is caused by the increase in volume. John begins to shout at Elizabeth, â€Å"I’ll not have it!†, the exclamation mark shows this obvious increase in volume. Here, the audience knows that all the emotions that have been suppressed are now being expressed. This is similar to â€Å"the crucible† imagery as their emotions have been â€Å"bubbling† under the surface and have now spilt out. This increase in volume creates the most tension as it is similar to the build up of volume that the audience experienced in Act 1, the audience know that there will soon be climax of tension which will lead to a disaster. Similarly, in the exchange between Abigail and Proctor, tension steadily increases as the scene progresses. The first cause of tension within the scene is the audience’s realisation of an affair between Abigail and Proctor. This domestic tension is already strong as the audience are aware of the religious back ground from which both characters belong.  Another contrast between the two exchanges is how feelings are shown between the two characters. During Abigail’s and Proctor’s exchange the feelings between the two are presented as uncontrollable and wild. Abigail says how John â€Å"sweated like a stallion whenever I come near!† The bestial imagery is used to describe their sexual relations. Miller does this to show how low their actions were and how they responded to carnal desire instead of abstaining and following their heads. The bestial imagery also presents them as untamed and so therefore not in control of their reactions or emotions. This sense of uncontrollability is continued with the repeated use of the word â€Å"wild†. â€Å"A wild thing may say wild things† This portrays Abigail and John as untamed and reinforces the idea that they are animal like. This makes the audience understand how they are relying on pure instinct alone and not using common sense to make decisions. During the exchange Abigail is not hesitant to respond to any sign that John is being affectionate. John is described as having â€Å"his smile widening†, this could be perceived as slightly flirtatious and therefore confirms that there is an attraction between the two. Abigail immediately responds to this slight flirtation quite strongly. â€Å"Give me a soft word, John. A soft word. [Her concentrated desire destroys his smile]†, Abigail is shown as pleading with John. Her dialogue presents her as desperate for his affection and the use of the phrase â€Å"concentrated desire† during the stage directions shows her inability to control her emotions as they are â€Å"concentrate† which impies they are incredibly strong and not easily contained. During the exchange between Elizabeth and Proctor, the portrayal of their emotions is much more controlled than in the exchange between Proctor and Abigail. The two characters are hesitant and are careful in picking their words. Elizabeth and Proctor seem to be making â€Å"small talk† and exchanging pleasantries. The two characters do not elaborate and act as if they have just met, â€Å"are you well today?† to which Elizabeth replies â€Å"I am†. These short sentences show the simplicity of their exchange and present their relationship as false and acted. Elizabeth and Proctor keep their emotions contained and stay on safe topics to avoid the underlying issues. During the stage directions Miller wrote â€Å"It is as though she would speak but cannot†. This immediately shows her emotions being suppressed as it appears that she cannot move on from Proctor’s betrayal. Elizabeth is hesitant to talk about her feelings or about the problem within their relationship. This is a stark contrast to the previous exchange between Abigail and Proctor as during their exchange their feelings were clearly shown and the issue was tackled directly. Elizabeth continues to control the output of her emotions when John kisses her. Her response to Proctor is minimal and she appears quiet and unresponsive. â€Å"Kisses her. She receives it†, Millers use of short sentences again shows the simplicity of the exchange. The verb â€Å"receives† shows her to be passive as she does not respond to Proctor’s affectionate gesture. This again contrasts to the previous exchange as Abigail immediately responded to any slight indication of affection.

The Scope Of Carbon Trading In India Environmental Sciences Essay

The Scope Of Carbon Trading In India Environmental Sciences Essay Carbon Trading: Carbon trading is a practice which is designed to reduce overall emissions of carbon dioxide, along with other greenhouse gases, by providing a regulatory and economic incentive. In fact, the term carbon trading is a bit misleading, as a number of greenhouse emissions can be regulated under what are known as cap and trade systems. For this reason, some people prefer the term emission trading, to emphasize the fact that far more than just carbon is being traded. This practice is part of a system which is colloquially referred to as a cap and trade. Under a cap and trade system, a government sets a national goal for total greenhouse gas emissions over a set period of time, such as a quarter or a year, and then allocates credits to companies which allow them to emit a certain amount of greenhouse gases. If a company is unable to use all of its credits, it can sell or trade those credits with a company which is afraid of exceeding its allowance. Carbon trading provides a very obvious incentive for companies to improve their efficiency and reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, by turning such reductions into a physical cash benefit. In addition, it is a disincentive for being inefficient, as companies are effectively penalized for failing to meet emissions goals. In this way, regulation is accomplished largely through economic means, rather than through draconian government measures, encouraging people to engage in carbon trading because its potentially profitable. As a general rule, carbon trading is paired with an overall attempt to reduce carbon emissions in a country over an extended period of time, which means that each year, the number of available credits will be reduced. By encouraging companies to become more efficient ahead of time, a government can often more easily meet emissions reduction goals, as companies will not be expected to change practices overnight, and the carbon trading system creates far more flexibility than setting blanket baseline levels. In some countries, carbon exchanges have opened up, operating much like stock exchanges. These organizations facilitate the exchange of carbon credits, ensuring that they flow smoothly through the market, and they provide standard set prices for credits, based on market demand and general economic health. In some cases, individual citizens can also participate in carbon trading, purchasing credits to offset their own greenhouse gas emissions, and some advocates have suggested that carbon trading should be formally expanded to all citizens, encouraging global and individual involvement in reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Scope of Carbon Trading in India: Indian Market of Carbon Trading: The carbon market is divided into two parts-that which is compliance driven and the other being the voluntary market. The more dominant and lucrative compliance market only accepts carbon credits under the CDM programme, while there are various regional non UN administered voluntary programs worldwide. For carbon credit trading, India follows a scheme called Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) or more commonly, carbon trading. CDM is an arrangement under the Kyoto Protocol allowing industrialized countries with a greenhouse gas reduction commitment to invest in emission reducing projects in developing countries as an alternative to what is generally considered more costly emission reductions in their own countries. Under CDM, a developed country can take up a greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction project activity in a developing country where the cost of GHG reduction project activities is usually much lower. The developed country would be given carbon credits for meeting its emission reduction targets, while the developing country would receive the capital and clean technology to implement the project. Carbon credits are certificates issued to countries that reduce their emission of GHG, which causes global warming. Developed countries that have exceeded the levels can either cut down emis sions, or borrow or buy carbon credits from developing countries. The Indian market is extremely receptive to CDM. Having cornered more than half of the global total in tradable certified emission reduction (CERs), Indias dominance in carbon trading under the CDM of the UN Convention on climate change is beginning to influence business dynamics in the country. Carbon credits are measured in units of CERs, which is equivalent to one tonne of carbon dioxide reduction. Future scope: Indias huge potential for generation and sale of CERs needs to be harnessed especially to tap the huge opportunity in the European Union Emission Trading System (EU-ETS). Hence, in order to bring vibrancy to the emission market in the country, there is a need for a transparent platform that will help buyers and sellers get a fair deal and reduce the margins of the intermediaries to reflect the economic value-addition. With technology at Indias side, it is time the country leveraged it for a sustained growth of the carbon credit market. Indian industries, which looked at CDM implementation in their process have failed to realize fair prices in most cases due to the currently thriving OTC (over-the-counter) markets that have fleeced most sellers by buying at prices much lower than that provided by buyers. The MCX-CCX (Chicago Climate Exchange) tie-up is expected to ensure better price discovery of carbon credits besides helping the participants cover the risks associated with selling and buying of carbon credits. Further, the exchange, with its various ways of educating the eco-system participants, would enhance the benefits accruing to them in its endeavor to make India a major global commodity-trading hub. Objectives: The objectives for study are as follows: To know what is carbon trading and its impact on atmosphere. To know world market of Carbon trading. To know about the Carbon trading market in India To know future growth and scope in India in carbon trading. Review of Literature: According to Shilpa Shanbhag,[Dataquest the business of InfoTech] India needs to put a price on carbon, since true leaders do not wait for international climate mandates. There is nothing stopping India from setting up a domestic environmental exchange based on the guidelines of the international carbon market and converting air and water pollutants such as CO2, SO2, NOx and BoD into tradable instruments. NOx and SOx trading schemes in the US have shown that it is possible to reduce emissions and acid rain under an environmental trading scheme. Later she add instead of switching off light bulbs for an hour each year or holding concerts to raise climate change awareness, it would be much sensible to invest in a wind mill, which produces clean power. This mill would offer two-fold benefits of supplying power to the state grid for the next 25 years and it would also earn carbon credits. A 2007 study by the Financial Times discovered the following:   * Widespread instances of people and organizations buying worthless credits that do not yield any reductions in carbon emissions. * Industrial companies profiting from doing very littleor from gaining carbon credits on the basis of efficiency gains from which they have already benefited substantially. * Brokers providing services of questionable or no value. * A shortage of verification, making it difficult for buyers to assess the true value of carbon credits (Industry Caught in Carbon Smokescreen, Financial Times, April 25, 2007) Accordind to Ecosecuriites ,The highest price projection found in the survey resulted from the ACCF/NAM model, estimating that a carbon price of $257 would be needed by 2025 to accomplish the emissions reduction objective in its High Cost scenario. This models High Cost scenario assumed that only 14% of GHG emissions could be offset, while the remaining emissions had to be internally mitigated. This scenario also strictly limited the rate at which technologies are developed and implemented, including a constraint on nuclear by allowing only 10-25 GW of additional capacity by 2030.The lower price projections profiled in this report resulted from the PACE model, estimating that a carbon price of only $0.41 would be needed by 2025 to accomplish the emissions reduction objective in its Multigas scenario, and the MERGE and MiniCAM models, estimating a required carbon price of only $0.30 in 2020 for the 6.7 W/m2 scenario. The PACE model gave low values partially as a result of assuming a r elatively low GHG emissions baseline and emissions growth over time. Analysis: The Carbon trading is one of the fastest growing financial markets in the world. It is the most visible result of early regulatory efforts to mitigate climate change, and grew out of the Kyoto Protocol, which was adopted in 1997. The protocol requires that by 2012, developed countries will achieve greenhouse gas emission reductions of at least 5% against baseline levels of 1990. To help countries achieve that goal it established the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), which promotes sustainable development in developing countries while spurring cost-effective reductions in greenhouse gas emissions in the more polluting developed countries. India offers a large potential for CDM because of its inherent dependence on fossil fuels for development. So countries with relatively low abatement and transaction costs like India are a major attraction for CDM projects. The market is emerging strongly despite various global factors, according to the World Bank. Regulation that caps greenhouse gas emissions has spawned an emerging carbon trade that was valued at US $64 billion (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬47 billion) in 2007. For the third consecutive year, China was the world leader in CDM supply with a 73% market share in terms of 2007 transacted volume. Brazil and India, at 6% market share each, transacted the highest volumes after China. Africa followed with 5% of the market. India is the fourth largest emitter of greenhouse gases in the world in absolute terms. But its per capita emission of 1.2 tons per person per year is much lower than the Wests figure of 20 tons, or than the global average of 8 tons. If India has to realize its ambitions of economic growth and take large sections of its population out of the low income trap, it must grow. That means greenhouse gas emission reductions will CLEAN DEVELPOMENT MECHANISM (CDM) AND CARBON TRADING IN INDIA CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM GLOBAL WARMING- THE ISSUE The Earth has an atmosphere of the proper depth and chemical composition. About 30% of incoming energy from the sun is reflected back to space while the rest reaches the earth, resulting in warming the air, oceans, and land, and maintaining an average surface temperature of about 15  °C. The chemical composition of the atmosphere is also responsible for nurturing life on our planet. Most of it is nitrogen (78%); about 21% is oxygen, which all animals need to survive; and only a small percentage (0.036%) is made up of carbon dioxide which plants require for photosynthesis. The atmosphere carries out the critical function of maintaining life-sustaining conditions on Earth, in the following way: each day, energy from the sun is absorbed by the land, seas, mountains, etc. If all this energy were to be absorbed completely, the earth would gradually become hotter and hotter. But actually, the earth both absorbs and, simultaneously releases it in the form of infra red waves (which cannot be seen by our eyes but can be felt as heat, for example the heat that you can feel with your hands over a heated car engine). All this rising heat is not lost to space, but is partly absorbed by some gases present in very small (or trace) quantities in the atmosphere, called greenhouse gases (GHGs). Greenhouse gases (for example, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), water vapour), re-emit some of this heat to the earths surface. If they did not perform this useful function, most of the heat energy would escape, leaving the earth cold (about -18  °C) and unfit to support life. However, ever since the Industrial Revolution began about 150 years ago, man-made activities have added significant quantities of GHGs to the atmosphere. The atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) have grown by about 31%, 151% and 17%, respectively, between 1750 and 2000 (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC 2001). As the GHGs are transparent to incoming solar radiation, but opaque to outgoing longwave radiation, an increase in the levels of GHGs could lead to greater warming, which, in turn, could have an impact on the worlds climate, leading to the phenomenon known as climate change. Indeed, scientists have observed that over the 20th century, the mean global surface temperature increased by 0.6 °C (IPCC 2001). They also observed that since 1860 (the year temperature began to be recorded systematically using a thermometer), the 1990s have been the warmest decade. Important greenhouse gases are: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFC), perfluorocarbons (PFC), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). Water vapor is also an important greenhouse gas, but since humans do not generally have a direct affect on water vapor concentration in the atmosphere, it is not included in this paper. Because each greenhouse gas traps different amounts of heat and stays in the atmosphere for different lengths of time, studies use measures of global warming potential (GWP) to compare between gases. Carbon dioxide is used as the benchmark, so all other gases are measured in carbon dioxide equivalence (CO2e)2. Table 1: The global warming potential of six major greenhouse gases (This measure takes into account the heat trapping abilities and the time the gas stays in the atmosphere (IPCC 2001a, 2001b)) Gas Global Warming Potential Atmospheric Life (years) CO2 1 5 to 200 CH4 21 12 N2O 310 114 HFC 140 to 11,700 1.4 to 260 PFC 6,500 to 9,200 10,000 to 50,000+ SF6 23,900 3200 NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING Another IPCC publication states that there is a very high confidence that human activities have caused a net warming of the planet (IPCC 2007a). KYOTO PROTOCOL Presently, a variety of approaches are being implemented to reduce carbon emissions. These range from efforts by individuals and firms to reduce their climate footprints to initiatives at city, state, regional and global levels. Among these are the commitments of governments to reduce emissions through the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its 1997 Kyoto Protocol. In 1992 famous Rio earth summit, United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adopted with an objective to stabilize atmospheric concentration of GHG at levels that would prevent dangerous humane interference with climate system. The UNFCCC came into effect on 21st March, 1994 according to which industrialized countries shall have the main responsibility to mitigate climate change. Such countries are listed a s Annex- I countries. Under UNFCCC all the member countries were to report on their national GHG emissions inventories and propose climate change mitigation strategies. After two and half years of intense negotiation between Annex-I countries, an agreement was struck at the now famous Kyoto protocol on 11 December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan. Born in the 1997 World Earth Summit held at Kyoto, Japan, this Protocol is making miracles in society today. The convention, participated by 160 countries of the world, was to negotiate binding limitations on greenhouse gases for the developed nations pursuant to the objective of the Framework Convention on Climate Change of 1992. Under the Kyoto Protocol, emission caps were set for each Annex-I countries, amounting in total to an average reduction of 5.2% below the aggregate emission level in 1990. Each country has a predetermined target of emission reduction as compared to 1990 level. No emission cap is imposed on Non Annex I countries. However, to encourage the participation of Non-Annex I in emission reduction process a mechanism known as Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has been provided. The carbon markets are a prominent part of the response to climate change and have an opportunity to demonstrate that they can be a credible and central tool for future climate mitigation. The outcome was the Kyoto Protocol, in which the developed nations agreed to limit their greenhouse gas emissions, relative to the levels emitted in 1990 or pay a price to those that do. At this point comes the carbon trading. CARBON CREDITS The primary purpose of the Protocol was to make developed countries pay for their ways with e missions while at the same time monetarily rewarding countries with good behaviour in this regard. Since developing countries can start with clean technologies, they will be rewarded by those stuck with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾dirtyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ ones. This system poises to become a big machine for partially transferring wealth from wealthy, industrialised countries to poor, undeveloped countries. A CER or carbon Credit is defined as the unit related to reduction of 1 tonne of CO2 emission from the baseline of the project activity. Let us say that India decided to invest in a new power station, and has decided on a particular technology at the cost of X crore. An entity from an industrialised country (which could even be a company) offers to provide India with slightly better technology, which costs more (say Y crore), but will result in lower emissions. The industrialised country will only pay the incremental cost of the project viz. Y minus X. In return, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾investingà ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ country will get certified emission reductionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ (CERs), or credits, which it can use to meet its Kyoto commitments. This is a very good deal indeed but for the investing country. Not only do they sell developing countries their technology, but they also meet their Kyoto commitments without lifting a finger to reduce their domestic emissions. Countries like the US can continue to pollute at home, so long as it makes the reductions elsewhere. The World Bank has built itself a role in this market as a referee, broker and macro-manager of international fund flows. The scheme has been entitled Clean Development Mechanism, or more commonly, Carbon Trading. CDM PROJECT TYPES Carbon Credits are sold to entities in Annex-I countries, like power utilities, who have emission reduction targets to achieve find it cheaper to buy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾offsettingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ certificate rather than do a clean-up in their backyard. Type of projects, which are being applied for CDM and which can be of valuable potential, are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Energy efficiency projects Increasing building efficiency (Concept of Green Building/LEED Rating), eg. Technopolis Building Kolkata Increasing commercial/industrial energy efficiency (Renovation Modernization of old power plants) Fuel switching from more carbon intensive fuels to less carbon intensive fuels; and Also includes re-powering, upgrading instrumentation, controls, and/or equipment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Transport Improvements in vehicle fuel efficiency by the introduction of new technologies Changes in vehicles and/or fuel type, for example, switch to electric cars or fuel cell vehicles (CNG/Bio fuels) Switch of transport mode, e.g. changing to less carbon intensive means of transport like trains (Metro in Delhi); and Reducing the frequency of the transport activity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Methane recovery Animal waste methane recovery utilization à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Installing an anaerobic digester utilizing methane to produce energy Coal mine methane recovery à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Collection utilization of fugitive methane from coal mining; Capture of biogas à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Landfill methane recovery and utilization Capture utilization of fugitive gas from gas pipelines; Methane collection and utilization from sewage/industrial waste treatment facilities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Industrial process changes Any industrial process change resulting in the reduction of any category greenhouse gas emissions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cogeneration Use of waste heat from electric generation, such as exhaust from gas turbines, for industrial purposes or heating (e.g. Distillery-Molasses/ bagasse) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Agricultural sector Energy efficiency improvements or switching to less carbon intensive energy sources for water pumps (irrigation) Methane reductions in rice cultivation Reducing animal waste or using produced animal waste for energy generation (see also under methane recovery) and Any other changes in an agricultural practices resulting in reduction of any category of greenhouse gas emissions INDIAN SCENARIO- FAVOURING POINTS India comes under the third category of signatories to UNFCCC. India signed and ratified the Protocol in August, 2002 and has emerged as a world leader in reduction of greenhouse gases by adopting Clean Development Mechanisms (CDMs) in the past few years. According to Report on National Action Plan for operationalising Clean Development Mechanism(CDM) by Planning Commission, Govt.of India, the total CO2-equivalent emissions in 1990 were 10, 01, 352 Gg (Gigagrams), which was approximately 3% of global emissions. If India can capture a 10% share of the global CDM market, annual CER revenues to the country could range from US$ 10 million to 300 million (assuming that CDM is used to meet 10-50% of the global demand for GHG emission reduction of roughly 1 billion tonnes CO2, and prices range from US$ 3.5-5.5 per tonne of CO2). As the deadline for meeting the Kyoto Protocol targets draws nearer, prices can be expected to rise, as countries/companies save carbon credits to meet strict targe ts in the future. India is well ahead in establishing a full-fledged system in operationalising CDM, through the Designated National Authority (DNA).Other than Industries and transportation,the major sources of GHGs emission in India are as follows : à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Paddy fields à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Enteric fermentation from cattle and buffaloes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Municipal Solid Waste Of the above three sources the emissions from the paddy fields can be reduced through special irrigation strategy and appropriate choice of cultivars; whereas enteric fermentation emission can also be reduced through proper feed management. In recent days the third source of emission i.e. Municipal Solid Waste Dumping Grounds are emerging as a potential CDM activity despite being provided least attention till date. Present status of dumping grounds in India: In India, due to increased population commercial development, cities are facing probles of SW (Municipal Solid Waste) disposal. The urban population in larger towns and cities in India is increasing at a decadal growth rate of above 40%. There are no Sanitary Landfill sites in India at present. Municipal Solid Waste is simply dumped without any treatment into land (depressions, ditches, soaked ponds) or on the outskirts of the city in an unscientific manner with no compliance of regulations. The existing dumping grounds in India are full and overflowing beyond capacity. It is difficult to get new dumping yards and if at all available, they are far away from the city and this adds to the exorbitant cost of transportation Various processes/technologies available to reduce the amount of Municipal Solid Waste are as follows. 1. Physical (a. Pelletisation) 2. Biochemical (a. Aerobic Composting b. Anaerobic Digestion) 3. Thermal (a. Incineration b. Gasification) Among the above options/technologies following are considered as favorable to implement in India. 1. Pelletisation, 2. Anaerobic digestion using bio-methanation technology for production of power, 3. Production of organic manure using controlled aerobic composting. a) India high potential of carbon credits b) India can capture 10% of Global CDM market c) Annual revenue estimated range from US$10 million to 330 million d) Wide spectrum of projects with different sizes e) Vast technical human resource f) Strong industrial base g) Dynamic, transparent speedy processing by Indian DNA (NCDMA) for host country approval h) MoU Signed between MoP and GTZ (Oct 2006)- Indo German Energy program (IGEN) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Baseline CO2 Emissions from Power Sector already in place- first CDM country à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Improvement in EE à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ CDM in Power Sector CDM POTENTIAL FOR INDIA POLICIES AND WAY AHEAD Greenhouse gas abatement policy design is exceedingly difficult because GHG emissions result from nearly all modern human activities. It involves every sector of the economy as well as habits and choices of individuals. Economics is more than just a study of business, it is the science which studies human behavior as a relationship between aspirations and the scarce means to reach those goals. Individuals make decisions every day that influence the amount of greenhouse gases that enter the atmosphere. If a stable climate is one objective among the many to which society aspires, then economics is a tool well-suited to understand how those decisions are made and how efficient and effective outcomes can be reached. Indian Forum India is a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the objective of the Convention is to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interfe rence with the climate system. To strengthen the developed country commitments under the Convention, the Parties adopted Kyoto Protocol in 1997, which commits developed country Parties to return their emissions of greenhouse gases to an average of approximately 5.2% below 1990 levels over the period 2008-12. The Seventh Conference of Parties (COP-7) to the UNFCCC decided that Parties participating in CDM should designate a National Authority for the CDM and as per the CDM project cycle, a project proposal should include written approval of voluntary participation from the Designated National Authority of each country and confirmation that the project activity assists the host country in achieving sustainable development. Accordingly the Central Government constituted the National Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Authority for the purpose of protecting and improving the quality of environment in terms of the Kyoto Protocol. The CDM Authority has the powers: (a) to invite officials a nd experts from Government, financial institutions, consultancy organizations, non-governmental organizations, civil society, legal profession, industry and commerce, as it may deem necessary for technical and professional inputs and may co-opt other members depending upon need. (b) to interact with concerned authorities, institutions, individual stakeholders for matters relating to CDM. (c) to take up any environmental issues pertaining to CDM or Sustainable Development projects as may be referred to it by the Central Government, and (d) to recommend guidelines to the Central Government for consideration of projects and principles to be followed for according host country approval. As discussed above, India has a vast opportunity to explore in terms of CDM and carbon-credits. Through its giant ongoing Infrastructure projects and projects on non-conventional energy sources, a new phase of development is still to be observed, moderate start of which has already begun. Conclusion There is a great opportunity awaiting India in carbon trading which is estimated to go up to $100 billion by 2010. In the new regime, the country could emerge as one of the largest beneficiaries accounting for 25 per cent of the total world carbon trade, says a recent World Bank report. The countries like US, Germany, Japan and China are likely to be the biggest buyers of carbon credits which are beneficial for India to a great extent. The Indian market is extremely receptive to Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Having cornered more than half of the global total in tradable certified emission reduction (CERs), Indias dominance in carbon trading under the clean development mechanism (CDM) of the UN Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is beginning to influence business dynamics in the country. India Inc pocketed Rs 1,500 crores in he year 2005 just by selling carbon credits to developed-country clients. Various projects would create up to 306 million tradable CERs. Analysts claim if more companies absorb clean technologies, total CERs with India could touch 500 million. Of the 391 projects sanctioned, the UNFCCC has registered 114 from India, the highest for any country. Indias average annual CERs stand at 12.6% or 11.5 million. Hence, MSW dumping grounds can be a huge prospect for CDM projects in India. These types of projects would not only be beneficial for the Government bodies and stakeholders but also for general public.

Benefits and Costs of NAFTA Essay -- NAFTA International Economics Ess

Benefits and Costs of NAFTA Works Cited Not Included As long as NAFTA has been in existence, there has been controversy over its benefits and costs. Since NAFTA is viewed as a neoliberal trade and investment agreement, supporters and critics alike are able to expand its validity to a grander scale when dealing with the question of whether free trade itself is beneficial or harmful. During the life of NAFTA, many valid arguments for and against free trade have been brought to the forefront. Many economists argue neoliberal trade is superior due to allocational efficiency benefits. ?By lowering trade barriers, the agreement has expanded trade in all three countries. This has led to increased employment, more choices for consumers at competitive prices, and rising prosperity? (NAFTA at Eight 2). This rising prosperity mentioned is a result of rising efficiency that pro-neoliberal economists believe develops through specialization. If a country is better than another at producing a certain good, then that country is said to have an absolute advantage over the other in that particular industry. When both countries have higher productivity rates in different industries and they concentrate their efforts in those respective industries, then both countries benefit through neoliberal trade as they are not wasting their time and efforts producing goods that the other country can produce faster. As a result of trade through countries with different absolute advantages, total world production and therefore productive efficiency will increase. Even when a country is more efficient in all industries, both countries can still benefit from trade by comparative advantages. ?Some lawyers are better typists than their secretari... ...stitutions are more responsive to the poor, to the environment, to the broader political and social concerns that I have emphasized is to increase openness and transparency? (Stiglitz 227). These international economic institutions should possess substantial transparency considering their policies directly affect the public. Instead, the IMF and similar institutions have no accountability to the public of which it is supposed to serve. Through lack of transparency, countries with major influence in the IMF such as the U.S. can indirectly impose its own investment agenda upon the country in crisis. If actions of the IMF were directed through a democratic process, more logical and productive policies would develop. If the IMF promotes transparency through the policies it imposes on developing countries, it should set an example through its own governance.

Bond/writing paper Essay

Bond/writing paper Characterized by its weight, thickness, surface texture and grades, bond paper is a strong and durable paper. It has a basic size of 17 inches by 22 inches and a basis weight of 13 to 25 pounds. Erase capability, good absorption and rigidity also characterized it. (Bear, About. com) The basis weight can be defined as the weight of a 500 sheets or a ream of a paper measured in pounds that are cut to a standard. (Bear, About. com and International Paper Company) As mentioned in the first part, 17 inches by 22 inches is the basic size for bond paper. This is classified as 24 pound-bond and was determined since this one ream of bond is cut to its basic size but if it weighs 24 pounds. The same thing goes to a ream of bond cut also to its basic size but weighs 30 pounds which is then called 30 pound-bond. (International Paper Company) The standard size identified for bond papers does not necessarily mean the same for all the grades of paper. The standard size of a paper grade of bond will determine the basis weight and the final size of the paper is not necessary needed in doing so. (Bear, About. com) The weight and thickness may have little effect on the quality of a printed image in the paper. (SimplyPhotoPaper. com) In fact, it may have no noticeable effect at all on the printing quality. However, thicker and heavier paper provide more substantial look to the printed materials and are good in holding ink coverage. (Bear, About. com) The classification of the types of pulp, the treatment used in the production of paper and the end use of the final paper product is what refers to us as paper grades. Common paper grades classified are bond, book, Bristol, cover, text, and newsprint. (Essence Printing Inc. ) These grades of a paper provide a level of brigthness or surface characteristics that are used on the other hand to determine the grade level of the finished paper. It is classified from the â€Å"Premium† which is the highest level to â€Å"5 as the lowest level. Some text and cover are classified as A or B grades. (International Paper Company) The surface characteristics of the paper of whether it is smooth, glossy or rough is what we refer as finish or surface texture. To gauge these characteristics of paper, we use the smoothness level measurement which vary in each kind of surface texture. This level is expected to be high when the surface of the paper is flat and even. Smoother surface will help the accumulation provide a sharper and higher quality image. (International Paper Company) These characteristics of a bond paper or writing paper affects its printability and quality. Printability is the ink receptivity, uniformity, smoothness, compressibility and opacity. (Georga-Pacific) Opacity refers to the percentage or the amount of light that can get or pass through the sheet of paper. (International Paper Knowledge Center) On the other hand, compressibiltiy is the decrease in the thickness under compressive forces or pressure which is relevant in letterpress printing and is measured as a ratio or roughness. (PaperOnWeb) Moreover, print quality is the standard set wherein the outcome and other properties of a print reach or is near the result we want. (Europapier International and Biltpaper. com) Paper surface texture such as roughness, gloss, ink absorption, whiteness and brightness affect the print quality. (Ballarpur Industries Limited and PaperOnWeb) Bibliography Bear, Jacci Howard. About. com. 2007. 11 October 2007 . —. About. com. 2007. 11 October 2007 . —. About. com. 2007. 11 October 2007 . —. About. com. 2007. 11 October 2007 . Essence Printing Inc. 2006. 12 October 2007 Europapier International. 2007. 12 October 2007 Ballarpur Industries Limited. 2003. 12 October 2007 Georga-Pacific. 11 October 2007 . International Paper Company. 2007. 11 October 2007 . PaperOnWeb. April 2007. 11 October 2007 . SimplyPhotoPaper. com. 2005. 11 October 2007

Intersect Benchmark Swot Analysis Paper

Intersect Benchmark SWOT Analysis Paper Karen M Lane MMPBL/520 Transformational Leadership September 26, 2011 Steve Williams Small business owners and organizations fight for survival is becoming a part of everyday conversations, headline news, journey topics, and radio talk. Businesses around the world are trying to avoid the graveyard for businesses. This is a place where unsuccessful businesses rest after consumers closes their wallets and corporate revenue plunge beyond repair.The fight for survival is real and the challenges faced have the potential to bring a finish to a once good ideal. Strategic planning is a necessary tool for an organization or small business to know where the company is headed and what means the plan will get the organization there. This plan may consist of looking at the organization’s strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats (SWOT). This paper will benchmark two well know companies while using a SWOT analysis to compare and contrast leaders hip and change management. SWOT analysis is the foundation for building a strategic plan. SWOT analysis identifies the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threads an organization is facing. The advantage of completing a SWOT analysis is the gathered information that may be used to empower the organization through building on the strengths, identifying and overcoming weaknesses, using opportunities for advancement, and the ability to properly manage and minimize external threats† (McNamara, 2011). The two companies of choice is Southwest Airlines andCompany History and SWOT Analysis Southwest Airlines â€Å"In 1966 a group of Texas investors founded a company called Air Southwest Co. later becoming incorporated as Southwest Airline Co. in 1967. Southwest has become the largest domestic airline in the United States by the amount of passengers carried. Southwest Airlines has been in business for over 43 years as a successful airline, but their success has not been without a cost Southwest devised a plan to eliminate in-flight meals, aggage transfer, and other traditional frill to ensure lower cost. This helped Southwest Airlines create a new form of transportation by competing against the automobile industry for travel (International Directory of Company Histories,  2005). Southwest added a new twist to the airline and transportation industry that caused its competitors to step out of their comfort zone. Over the next several years Southwest Airlines grew larger through the waging of price wars from their competitors. In 2000 Southwest revenues were 6. billion and became known for their â€Å"Taking Care of Business† slogan. Southwest relinquish corporate perks to continue to supply their customers with cheaper fares. Southwest’s much success was soon followed by 9/11 terrorist attacks. â€Å"In the mist of 9/11 Southwest’s competitors experienced thousands of workers being laid off, lost billions of dollars, and headed for pr otection from the bankruptcy courts, but Southwest continued to profit† (International Directory of Company Histories, 2005). A couple of known causes were airlines faced extremely high oil prices like never before, drastic security measures had to be taken to prevent something like this from happening again, and customers once more turned to use other forms of transportation. The loss of confidence that customers and the airlines suffered from the 9/11 hijackings cause a fear throughout the world† (Jay,  199-2011). This fear forced Southwest Airlines to make the necessary changes needed to overcome the present storm. Southwest plan of attached stemmed from employee morale.Whereas other airlines were folding under pressure resulting in employee layoffs, Southwest secured the future of their employees through union negotiations and committing to a no lay-off policy. The airline strong commitment to their employees raised company morale for the stakeholders. This secured the readiness of employees in the area of change. This also was a direct reflection in Southwest’s ability in the area of transitional and transactional leadership. Strengths In the area of strengths Southwest Airlines has exceled at servant leadership by placing the needs of every employee in front of their own.The Southwest leadership team demonstrated their capability to properly manage and apply their strategic planning knowledge in a never foreseen occurrence. Through consideration Southwest has gained mutual respect and the necessary by-in from stakeholders to apply the new vision and direction of the organization. Leader-member relations are at its peak within the organization and can be contributed to the loyalty and the support shown through situation control. Leaders at this point may use the power of persuasion to gain the by-in from employees for the new organizational direction. WeaknessOver staffing and cost is a major factor for Southwest’s current situ ation for the sake of commitment inability to control external factors, and a higher level of knowledge needed for advancing. Opportunities Southwest has an opportunity to reevaluate task structure, implement new procedures to apply to the latest learned knowledge, explore new methods, develop and properly train employees, build better work relations, implementation of employee involved decision making programs, learn about the newest technology for growth purposes, regain customer confidence, and develop leadership behaviors while expecting greater outcomes.Threats Southwest may experience a loss of morale over a period of time, advancing new and current competitors because of a lack of funding for the latest and greatest technology, turn-over in employee and leadership, permanent loss of employee confidence. Continental Airlines â€Å"Continental Airlines was founded in 1967. Continental pride themselves for acquiring simple goals: having high quality product every day f service, getting customers where they want to go on time with their baggage while leaving customers with a service of excellence recognized globally for being consistent† (International Directory of Company Histories, 2003). Continental Airline based on 2001 post 9/11 terrorist attacks was the fifth largest airline. The airline carries passengers, mail, and cargo throughout the world. Continental is connected to 200 airports worldwide. This amazing portfolio did not come without a cost. In the 1980s Continental found themselves being labeled as the poster child for having bad employee relationships and management turnover because of a hostile corporate raider. This bad combination cost the company one decade of declining sales and financial loss. In 1995 Continental experienced a turn around. A plan was put into place to renegotiate Continental’s debt, persuaded Boeing to defer delivery of any planes on order, and arranges concessions from aircraft lessors.High ranking official was also fired and replaced with new high rating staff† (International Directory of Company Histories, 2003). As years passed Continental experienced a long overdue financial break then 9/11 happened and caused a downside in their profits. â€Å"Immediately, after 9/11 terrorist attacks Continental laid-off 20% of their workforce, which totals 12,000 employees. Most of those employees returned to work within a year but morale was definitely affected by the airline’s current situation.Continental’s high ranking official Bethune did not take this situation lying down; he lobbied for the government to provide an industry-wide bailout. A fourth quarter loss of $149 million left the airline $95 million in the red for the year. The airline made a conscience decision to park 61 of its jets and 23 turboprops as business returned to normal for the airlines. In an effort to regain the trust and confidence of the stakeholders, shareholders, and financial capital Continent al formed an alliance with Delta, and Northwest.A ten-year code-shared agreement allowed customers to share frequently flier miles between the three airlines. This alliance shared 36% of shared domestic traffic† (International Directory of Company Histories, 2003). Strengths Continental has demonstrated their ability as leaders to make a tuff decision in times of crisis, regain customer trust after 911, strategize for better solutions, regained employee trust through the rehiring process, and setting an example for employees to follow.Ultimately, Continental leadership also displayed a servant leadership style that was able to transform the organization from on level to the next. Weakness Continental took what may be perceived as taking the easy way out by laying off employees instead of applying a workable strategic plan that could have benefited both parties. Through employee lay-offs the morale within the organization is at its all-time low and stress level are at a high wh ich, could lead to harmful situations. This has caused leader-member relations to diminish.The leaders demonstrated their inability to trust the workers to help within the organization’s crisis. Opportunities Continental has an opportunity to redevelop a new strategic plan, build stakeholders relationships, recommit to leader-member relations, reestablish their position of power, build the leaders within the organization, use positive reinforcements to regain trust, educate employees in the area of stress, opportunity to correct troubled areas create alternative strategies for possible resistance to change, and redefine and create a new vision for the organization.Other opportunities that Continental may have is greater work commitments once the storm has passed, hiring highly qualified employees, decrease or expand the span of control for building a stronger organization, and target elements of change. Threats The recent decision to lay off employees has sparked a fear withi n the organization that could possible led to heavy turnover, financial ruin due to the fear of flying, market changes and technological advancement for competitors, mergers and acquisition to regain loss, recession, and conflicts.In comparison Southwest, Continental, and Intersect has demonstrated situation control through their immediate work environment on every level. Although, each has also demonstrated a different leadership style the main focus to save the organization and secure the future was the first priority of the leaders. Each organization has also revealed their position of power through the necessary decisions made by the leaders and their ability to brainstorm to come up with the best possible solution for the organization’s future.Each organization was also able to pin point their weakness for future corrections to be made. Although the leadership style may differ each leader has demonstrated leadership skills that have earned the trust of their employee in the area of growth. Each organization also has a good repetition which preceded their current situation. In contrast Southwest has gained the by-in from employees through a more trusting type of leadership style whereas, Continental and Intersect has used their position of power to cause employee layoffs or to spark fear into current employees.Southwest lessen the chance of harmful threats in the area of employee stress whereas, Continental and Intersect decision has raised the level of stress and possibility threats. In conclusion, each organization has its pro and cons that maybe intertwined to created better future business decisions. The current use of a SWOT analysis has the potential to gather information while empowering each organization for future success. | | Strengths| Weaknesses| Opportunities| Threads| Intersect| Knowledgeable workers, Confident leadersAbility to share the vision of the organization with others. Proper staffing for the advancement of the new direction. Void of a backup plan for this type of disasterResistance to changeAbility to control stress levels within the organization. High turn-over ratesCustomer dissatisfactionRestructuring neededDefining of goals and new alignment. | Regain customer confidenceOpportunity to brainstorm for the best possible solution for their current situationEstablish long-term goalsBuild charismatic leadership style vs. using force or power for persuasion.Expansion of knowledge base for growth purposesOpportunity for goal setting| Loss of confidence and decrease of ProfitabilityNew Entrants Market changes| Southwest Airlines| Southwest exceled in the area of being servant leaders when the organization put the needs of their employees first by refusing to layoff employee. The union negotiations demonstrated the organization’s ability to dominate internal forces for change through job satisfaction by working with the union and not taking advantage of a stressful situation.Southwest through Charismat ic leadership transformed their work environment through goals, values,needs, beliefs, and aspirations. Leader-member relations are at its peak within the organization and can be contributed to the loyalty and the support shown through situation control. | Void of a backup plan for this type of disasterOver staffing and cost is a major factor for Southwest’s current situation for the sake of commitment inability to control external factors, and a higher level of knowledge needed for advancing. Regain customer confidenceOpportunity to brainstorm for the best possible solution for their current situationEstablish long-term goalsExpansion of knowledge base for growth purposes| Market changesLoss of confidence and decrease of ProfitabilityNew Entrants Over staffing and cost is a major factor for Southwest’s current situation for the sake of commitment inability to control external factors, and a higher level of knowledge needed for advancing. Continental Airlines| Continen tal has demonstrated their ability as leaders to make a tuff decision in a times of crisis, regain customer trust after 911, strategize for better solutions, regained employee trust through the rehiring process, and setting an example for employees to follow. | Inability to save a loss of job and secure the future of those workers.Establish employee trust and confidenceVoid of a back-up plan for this type of disaster| Regain customer confidenceOpportunity to brainstorm for the best possible solution for their current situationEstablish long-term goalsExpansion of knowledge base for growth purposesRedevelop a new strategic planbuild stakeholders relationships, recommit to leader-member relations, reestablish their osition of power, build the leaders within the organization, use positive reinforcements to regain trust, educate employees in the area of stress, opportunity to correct troubled areas create alternative strategies for possible resistance to change, and redefine and create a new vision for the organization. hiring highly qualified employees, decrease or expand the span of control for building a stronger organization, and target elements of change. Market changesLoss of confidence and decrease of ProfitabilityNew Entrants heavy turnover, financial ruin due to the fear of flying, market changes and technological advancement for competitors, mergers and acquisition to regain loss, recession, and conflicts. | References McNamara, C. (2011). Free Management Library. Retrieved from http://managementhelp. org/strategicplanning/basics. tm#anchor1434082 International Directory of Company Histories. (2005). FundingUniverse. Retrieved from http://www. fundinguniverse. com/company-histories/AirTran-Holdings-Inc-Company-History. html International Directory of Company Histories. (2003). FundingUniverse. Retrieved from http://www. fundinguniverse. com/company-histories/Continental-Airlines-Inc-Company-History. html

Inspiring Quotes to Use When You Want to Say, Carpe Diem!

Inspiring Quotes to Use When You Want to Say, Carpe Diem! You will come across this Latin phrase when watching the 1989 Robin Williams movie,  Dead Poets Society. Robin Williams plays the role of an English professor who inspires his students with a short speech: â€Å"Gather ye rosebuds while ye may. The Latin term for that sentiment is Carpe Diem. Now who knows what that means? Carpe Diem. That’s ‘seize the day.’ Gather ye rosebuds while ye may. Why does the writer use these lines? Because we are food for the worms, lads. Because believe it or not, each and every one of us in this room is one day going to stop breathing, turn cold, and die. Now I would like you to step forward over here and peruse some of the faces from the past. You have walked past them many times. I don’t think you’ve really looked at them. They’re not very different from you, are they? Same haircuts. Full of hormones, just like you. Invincible, just like you feel. The world is their oyster. They believe they’re destined for great things, just like many of you. Their eyes are full of hope just like you. Did they wait until it was too late to make from their live even one iota of what they were capable? Because you see, gentlemen, these boys are now fertilizing daffodils. But if you listen real close, you can hear them whisper their legacy to you. Go on, Lean in. Listen. Do you hear it? (whispers) Carpe. (whispers again) Cape. Carpe Diem. Seize the day boys, make your lives extraordinary.† This adrenaline-pumping speech explains the literal and philosophical meaning behind carpe diem. Carpe diem is a warcry. Carpe diem invokes the sleeping giant within you. It urges you to shed your inhibitions, pluck some courage, and grab every opportunity that comes your way. Carpe diem is the best way to say, You only live once. The History Behind Carpe Diem For those who love history, carpe diem was first used in a poem in Odes Book I, by the poet Horace in 23 BC. The quote in Latin is as follows: â€Å"Dum loquimur, fugerit invida aetas. Carpe diem; quam minimum credula postero.† Loosely translated, Horace said, While we’re talking, envious time is fleeing, pluck the day, put no trust in the future. While Williams translated carpe diem as seize the day, it may not be linguistically accurate. The word carpe means to pluck. So in a literal sense, it means, to pluck the day. Think of the day as a ripened fruit. The ripened fruit is waiting to be picked. You have to pluck the fruit at the right time and make the most of it. If you delay, the fruit will go stale. But if you pluck it at the right time, the rewards are innumerable. Though Horace was the first to use carpe diem, the real credit goes to Lord Byron for introducing carpe diem in the English language. He used it in his work, Letters. Carpe diem slowly crept into the lexicon of the Internet generation, when it was used in tandem with YOLO – You only live once. It soon became the catchword for the live-for-the-present generation. The Real Meaning of Carpe Diem Carpe diem means to live your life to the fullest. Every day offers you a ton of opportunities. Seize the opportunities and change your life. Fight your fears. Charge forward. Take the plunge. Nothing is ever achieved by holding back. If you want to carve your destiny, youve got to seize the day! Carpe diem! You can say, carpe diem in other ways. Here are some quotes that you can use instead of saying, carpe diem. Share these carpe diem quotes to start a revolution of change on Facebook, Twitter, and other social media platforms. Take the world by storm. Charles BuxtonYou will never find time for anything. If you want time you must make it. Rob SheffieldThe times you lived through, the people you shared those times with - nothing brings it all to life like an old mix tape. It does a better job of storing up memories than actual brain tissue can do. Every mix tape tells a story. Put them together, and they can add up to the story of a life.Roman PayneIt’s not that we have to quit this life one day, but it’s how many things we have to quit all at once: music, laughter, the physics of falling leaves, automobiles, holding hands, the scent of rain, the concept of subway trains†¦ if only one could leave this life slowly!Albert EinsteinYour imagination is your preview of life’s coming attractions.Mother TeresaLife is a game, play it.Thomas MertonLife is a very great gift and a great good, not because of what it gives us, but because of what it enables us to give to others.Mark TwainThe fear of death follows from the fear of life. A man who lives fully is prepared to die at any time.Bernard BerensonI wish I could stand on a busy corner, hat in hand, and beg people to throw me all their wasted hours.Oliver Wendell HolmesMany people die with their music still in them. Why is this so? Too often it is because they are always getting ready to live. Before they know it, time runs out.Hazel LeeI held a moment in my hand, brilliant as a star, fragile as a flower, a tiny sliver of one hour. I dropped it carelessly, Ah! I didnt know, I held opportunity.Larry McMurtry, Some Can WhistleIf you wait, all that happens is that you get older.Margaret FullerMen for the sake of getting a living forget to live.John Henry Cardinal NewmanFear not that life shall come to an end, but rather fear that it shall never have a beginning.Robert BraultThe more side roads you stop to explore, the less likely that life will pass you by.Mignon McLaughlin, The Neurotics Notebook, 1960Every day of our lives we are on the verge of making those slight changes that would make all the difference.Art BuchwaldWhether its the best of times or the worst of times, its the only time weve got.Andrea BoydstonIf you woke up breathing, congratulations! You have another chance.Russell BakerLife is always walking up to us and saying, Come on in, the livings fine, and what do we do? Back off and take its picture.Diane AckermanI dont want to get to the end of my life and find that I lived just the length of it. I want to have lived the width of it as well.Stephen LevineIf you were going to die soon and had only one phone call you could make, who would you call and what would you say? And why are you waiting?Thomas P. MurphyMinutes are worth more than money. Spend them wisely.Marie RayBegin doing what you want to do now. We have only this moment, sparkling like a star in our hand, and melting like a snowflake.Mark TwainThe fear of death follows from the fear of life. A man who lives fully is prepared to die at any time.HoraceWho knows whether the Gods will add tomorrow to the present hour?/Henry JamesI think I dont regret a single excess of my responsive youth- I only regret, in my chilled age, certain occasions and possibilities I didnt embrace.Samuel JohnsonLife is not long, and too much of it must not pass in idle deliberation of how it shall be spent.Allen Sa undersLife is what happens to us while we are making other plans.Benjamin FranklinLost time is never found again.William ShakespeareI wasted time, and now doth time waste me.Henry David ThoreauOnly that day dawns to which we are awake.Johann Wolfgang von GoetheEvery second is of infinite value.Ralph Waldo EmersonWe are always getting ready to live but never living.Sydney J. HarrisRegret for the things we did can be tempered by time; it is regret for the things we did not do that is inconsolable.Adam MarshallYou only live once; but if you live it right, once is enough.Friedrich Nietzsche, Human, All Too HumanWhen one has a great deal to put into it a day has a hundred pockets.Ruth Ann SchabackerEach day comes bearing its own gifts. Untie the ribbons.

Complex Words Definition and Examples

Complex Words Definition and Examples In English grammar and morphology, a complex word is a  word made up of two or more morphemes. Contrast with monomorphemic word. A complex word may consist of (1) a base (or root) and one or more affixes (for example, quicker), or (2) more than one root in a compound (for example, blackbird). Examples and Observations [W]e say that bookishness is a complex word, whose immediate components are bookish and -ness, which we can express in shorthand by spelling the word with dashes between each morph: book-ish-ness. The process of dividing a word into morphs is called parsing. (Keith M. Denning et al., English Vocabulary Elements. Oxford University Press, 2007) Transparency and Opaqueness A morphologically complex word is semantically transparent if its meaning is obvious from its parts: hence unhappiness is semantically transparent, being made up in a predictable fashion from un, happy, and ness. A word like department, even though it contains recognizable morphemes, is not semantically transparent. The meaning of depart in department is not obviously related to the depart in departure. It is semantically opaque. (Trevor A. Harley, The Psychology of Language: From Data to Theory. Taylor Francis, 2001) Blender Let us consider the complex word blender. What can we say about its morphology? One aspect we can mention is that it consists of two morphemes, blend and er. Besides, we can say that blend is the root, since it is not further analysable, and at the same time the base to which the suffix -er is attached. To conclude, if we carry out morphological analysis, we usually show what morphemes a word consists of and describe these morphemes in terms of their type. (Ingo Plag et al, Introduction to English Linguistics. Walter de Gruyer, 2007) The Hypothesis of Lexical Integrity The lexicon . . . is not just a set of words, but also comprises word combinations. For example, English (like most Germanic languages) has many verb-particle combinations, also called phrasal verbs of the type to look up which clearly consist of two words which are even separable: (20a) The student looked up the information(20b) The student looked the information up The verb look up cannot be one word since its two parts can be separated, as in sentence (20b). A basic assumption in morphology is the hypothesis of Lexical Integrity: the constituents of a complex word cannot be operated upon by syntactic rules. Put differently: words behave as atoms with respect to syntactic rules, which cannot look inside the word and see its internal morphological structure. Hence, the movement of up to the end of the sentence in (20b) can only be accounted for if look up is a combination of two words. That is, phrasal verbs such as lookup are certainly lexical units, but not words. Words are just a subset of the lexical units of a language. Another way of putting this is to say that look up is a listeme but not a lexeme of English (DiSciullo and Williams, 1987). Other examples of lexical multi-word units are adjective-noun combinations such as red tape, big toe, atomic bomb, and industrial output. Such phrases are established terms for referring to certain kinds of entities, and hence they must be listed in the lexicon. (Geert E. Booij, The Grammar of Words: An Introduction to Linguistic Morphology, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 2012)

Business and IT

Information Technology (IT) is vogue today. It is penetrating in the lives of every generation. Everyone is using it for various purposes but the younger generation uses it the most. Thus generation has the glimpse of IT in all the work indulging daily life as well as the professional sector (Hamel & Prahalad, 2013). Earlier IT was not in much trend and thus, people used o do the work differently. Today, the way younger generations work is different from that of the older one. The differences between their ways of working are- Earlier, people used to do all the works manually, but now no one is done so. People do not prefer pen and paper work anymore. Everyone looks for digitalized things. Earlier there were mangers for every field but today the managers are replaced by systems (Crain, 2015). puters do all the work that people used to do. Use of technology increases the transparency between firm and the customers and also in every level of employees. Also, it saves great amount of money and thus enabling the firm to utilize the money in other sectors. The older generation might not know the proper use of technology and thus gap may arise between the generations giving rise to many other issues. The environment of the firm may get spoilt because of this. Thus, use of IT must be done in an organization with proper assistance and surveillance keeping the older generations in mind. Hamel, G., & Prahalad, C. K. (2013). peting for the Future. Harvard Business Press. Crain, W. (2015).  Theories of development: Concepts and applications. Psychology Press.

Wit Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wit - Movie Review Example Kelekian â€Å"How are you feeling today?† Vivian reply was ironical as she was suffering from cancers. 3. Throughout the play, we see Vivian having a direct communication either with her student or with doctors and this direct communicated tell us more about Vivian. For instance, Vivian does not want to be sympathized by Susie â€Å"Do not think for a minute that anyone calls me ‘Sweetheart’,† (The Play Wit- 2001), as she also has never shown pity toward her student. Therefore, Vivian words make us believes that she is unsocial character. 4. The most asked question in the play is â€Å"Hi! How are you feeling today?†, and Dr. Kelekian asked this as the last person before the play ends (The Play Wit-2001). The question asked by Kelekian to Vivian was ironical as doctors pretended to be caring yet they were treating Vivian as an experiment species. 6. Vivian is known for acquaintance of metaphysical poetry, however, Vivian tend to show that she is so experience in every academic field. For instance, Vivian tells Dr. Kelekian â€Å"I know all about life and death,† (The Play Wit- 2001). This depicts how people tend to overpraise themselves whenever they feel there are experiences than any other person. 7. Professor Ashford made a great contribution in the play by wanting Vivian to understand that her academic career does not guarantee her self-actualization, alongside, the career Vivian need experience outside books. It is also through this that Vivian can give her apprentices a piece of advice that â€Å"you should not cultivate the intellect growth at the expense of yours heart thus making yourself isolated.† 8. Professor Ashford read The Runaway Bunny a little allegory of the soul to Vivian; the story is about Bunny, who tried to escape from his mother, but he was unable. Ashford has also tried to show Vivian that despite what happen here on earth still salvation and comfort is waiting her. This made Ashford say â€Å"flights

LACMA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

LACMA - Essay Example There are some later cases that indicate surrealism’s power on the feminist movement. Iconic figures like Louise Bourgeois, Leonora Carrington, Frida Kahlo, Lee Miller, Kay Sage, Dorothea Tanning, and Remedios Varo are denoted, alongside lesser recognized or newly found practitioners (Susan, Tere, Terri, Dawn & Buszek 201). â€Å"In Wonderland: The Surrealist Adventures of Women Artists in Mexico and the United States† is the initial important exhibition committed to the state’s movement of artists who have regularly been ignored on the side of a European, male-based vision of surrealism. This mission is commonly linked to the set of artists that always featured in Paris during the twenties and thirties, reducing the contributions of female artists Susan, Tere, Terri, Dawn & Buszek 201). The exhibition takes a view of artists like Louise Bourgeois, Leonora Carrington, Frida Kahlo, Lee Miller, Kay Sage, Dorothea Tanning, and Remedios Varo, and the impacts of layout and sex on their works and the general surrealist movement. With nearly 175 pieces of art in display by 47 artists from the early thirties and late sixties, this is an exhibition that completely explores a new definition of surrealism liberated from Europe’s cultures. Female artists protest their objectification through t hese pieces of art. The universe of the subconscious and dreams is a far more personal cause that associates to their individual queries of identity (Susan, Tere, Terri, Dawn & Buszek 221). In numerous respects, these surrealists were identical to Lewis Carol’s main character, Alice, in his renowned ludicrous novels. Their innovation was frequently muffled or marginalized by what appeared to be a somewhat arbitrary and bizarre world where legitimacy did not regularly reign. The curator of the â€Å"In Wonderland: The Surrealist Adventures of Women Artists in Mexico and the United States† exhibition claims that the expansive survey depicts that north America provided

Substance Dualism Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Substance Dualism - Term Paper Example Such versions are comprised of substance dualism; psycho-physical parallelism; occasionalism; idealism; double-aspect theory; and epiphenomenalism. I wish to stress on the fact that such examinations will be done to further establish the arguments that will be set on the logicality of duality. Dualism, in its basic sense, emphasizes on the radical difference between mind and matter (Calef). In this reasoning, the mind is not the same as the brain or any other body part. Thus, there exist two independent substances in a person—one material (comprised mainly of bodily parts) and one non-material (human mind) (Philosophy of Mind). The term ‘substance’ is the most essential concept in this statement as it strongly posits the need to treat the mind as an independent object. Formally defined, a substance is a thing or an entity that does not depend on other thing or entity in order to exist (Lacewing). Moreover, a substance may or may not be composed of other substances, may or may not enter into relationships with other substances, but will always have specific attributes (Blutner). Through this definition, the ‘dualist perspective’ argues that there are two fundamentally different objects in a person—the mind and the body—and they do not necessarily need the presence of each one to exist. Thus, while the mind and the body may or may not be in a ‘relationship’ (as to be explored in greater detail in the second part of this paper), they will always possess specific attributes that will make them be as they are (Everitt). Because of this, the human body and the human mind can be discriminated according to attributes of spatial extension (for body) and of thought (for mind). Such attributes are further ‘specified’ by certain states or modes—modes of extension such as form, location texture and weight for the body, while modes of thought such as images, emotions, beliefs,

LACMA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

LACMA - Essay Example There are some later cases that indicate surrealism’s power on the feminist movement. Iconic figures like Louise Bourgeois, Leonora Carrington, Frida Kahlo, Lee Miller, Kay Sage, Dorothea Tanning, and Remedios Varo are denoted, alongside lesser recognized or newly found practitioners (Susan, Tere, Terri, Dawn & Buszek 201). â€Å"In Wonderland: The Surrealist Adventures of Women Artists in Mexico and the United States† is the initial important exhibition committed to the state’s movement of artists who have regularly been ignored on the side of a European, male-based vision of surrealism. This mission is commonly linked to the set of artists that always featured in Paris during the twenties and thirties, reducing the contributions of female artists Susan, Tere, Terri, Dawn & Buszek 201). The exhibition takes a view of artists like Louise Bourgeois, Leonora Carrington, Frida Kahlo, Lee Miller, Kay Sage, Dorothea Tanning, and Remedios Varo, and the impacts of layout and sex on their works and the general surrealist movement. With nearly 175 pieces of art in display by 47 artists from the early thirties and late sixties, this is an exhibition that completely explores a new definition of surrealism liberated from Europe’s cultures. Female artists protest their objectification through t hese pieces of art. The universe of the subconscious and dreams is a far more personal cause that associates to their individual queries of identity (Susan, Tere, Terri, Dawn & Buszek 221). In numerous respects, these surrealists were identical to Lewis Carol’s main character, Alice, in his renowned ludicrous novels. Their innovation was frequently muffled or marginalized by what appeared to be a somewhat arbitrary and bizarre world where legitimacy did not regularly reign. The curator of the â€Å"In Wonderland: The Surrealist Adventures of Women Artists in Mexico and the United States† exhibition claims that the expansive survey depicts that north America provided

The Water Cycle Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Water Cycle - Research Paper Example Nature has the ultimate solution of making the above mentioned necessity happen through the â€Å"water cycle†. The water cycle is a process in which water switches its state between the three different phases, namely solid, liquid and gas. And then further the water cycle includes circulation between the earth’s surface, water bodies and the atmosphere. The basic driving force of the water is the sun (Hughes 12-19). The water cycle is of immense importance as it helps to regulate the temperature of the earth surface and also helps in bringing rainfall to various parts of Earth.. When the water on Earth’s surface is evaporated it takes away the Earth’s heat as well, thus cooling the surroundings. And when the water condenses it release back the heat thus warming up the environment and this helps in regulating temperature throughout the globe. The water cycle helps to circulate minerals between different places on the Earth and also helps in conversion of rocks to soil. An important contribution of the water cycle is the formation of different topographical features throughout the earth which enhance beauty of the Earth’s surface and also provides other benefits. Without the presence of water cycle it would not be possible for the living organisms to survive (Olien 9-14). The water cycle is comprised of six different processes or steps. Each process has its own significance and importance. The progression of water cycle starts from the process of evaporation. The sun’s heat helps to convert the water present on the earth to water vapors. Water on earth is present in a number of different resources like rivers, oceans, seas, lakes etc. Water evaporates not only from the surface of the earth, but from trees and plants. This process of evaporation of water from trees and plants is called transpiration. Water at the North and South Pole is in the form of snow and ice. At very low temperatures and high pressure snow is directly converted into vapors without having a liquid state. This process is known as sublimation and is much slower than evaporation. The water vapors rise in the air and from clouds. Water gets evaporated by absorbing the heat from the sun and the water can also evaporate by absorbing the heat from the surroundings and thus lowers the temperature of the nearby environment. When water evaporates all impurities are left behind, and the vapors that rise in the air are far pure than the water present on Earth (Hughes 23-27). As the water vapor rises in the air, the temperature decreases as a result of which the vapors condenses to form clouds or remain suspended in the air as fog. The clouds are formed by the accumulation of tiny water droplets. The tiny droplets of water keep on accumulating to form larger and larger clouds. These clouds travel to different parts of the globe and absorb more and more water to increase its size. When the clouds have no longer the ability to hold together, then the tiny droplets of water combine to form larger droplets of water. Also, at higher altitudes the temperature is extremely low. Hence, the water droplets lose their heat energy and fall down on earth as rain. If the temperature of the area is cold then there is a possibility that instead of rain the water droplets fall as snow, hail or sleet. Precipitation can also occur in the form of drizzle. By the process of precipitation the water that has

Substance Dualism Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Substance Dualism - Term Paper Example Such versions are comprised of substance dualism; psycho-physical parallelism; occasionalism; idealism; double-aspect theory; and epiphenomenalism. I wish to stress on the fact that such examinations will be done to further establish the arguments that will be set on the logicality of duality. Dualism, in its basic sense, emphasizes on the radical difference between mind and matter (Calef). In this reasoning, the mind is not the same as the brain or any other body part. Thus, there exist two independent substances in a person—one material (comprised mainly of bodily parts) and one non-material (human mind) (Philosophy of Mind). The term ‘substance’ is the most essential concept in this statement as it strongly posits the need to treat the mind as an independent object. Formally defined, a substance is a thing or an entity that does not depend on other thing or entity in order to exist (Lacewing). Moreover, a substance may or may not be composed of other substances, may or may not enter into relationships with other substances, but will always have specific attributes (Blutner). Through this definition, the ‘dualist perspective’ argues that there are two fundamentally different objects in a person—the mind and the body—and they do not necessarily need the presence of each one to exist. Thus, while the mind and the body may or may not be in a ‘relationship’ (as to be explored in greater detail in the second part of this paper), they will always possess specific attributes that will make them be as they are (Everitt). Because of this, the human body and the human mind can be discriminated according to attributes of spatial extension (for body) and of thought (for mind). Such attributes are further ‘specified’ by certain states or modes—modes of extension such as form, location texture and weight for the body, while modes of thought such as images, emotions, beliefs,

The Water Cycle Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Water Cycle - Research Paper Example Nature has the ultimate solution of making the above mentioned necessity happen through the â€Å"water cycle†. The water cycle is a process in which water switches its state between the three different phases, namely solid, liquid and gas. And then further the water cycle includes circulation between the earth’s surface, water bodies and the atmosphere. The basic driving force of the water is the sun (Hughes 12-19). The water cycle is of immense importance as it helps to regulate the temperature of the earth surface and also helps in bringing rainfall to various parts of Earth.. When the water on Earth’s surface is evaporated it takes away the Earth’s heat as well, thus cooling the surroundings. And when the water condenses it release back the heat thus warming up the environment and this helps in regulating temperature throughout the globe. The water cycle helps to circulate minerals between different places on the Earth and also helps in conversion of rocks to soil. An important contribution of the water cycle is the formation of different topographical features throughout the earth which enhance beauty of the Earth’s surface and also provides other benefits. Without the presence of water cycle it would not be possible for the living organisms to survive (Olien 9-14). The water cycle is comprised of six different processes or steps. Each process has its own significance and importance. The progression of water cycle starts from the process of evaporation. The sun’s heat helps to convert the water present on the earth to water vapors. Water on earth is present in a number of different resources like rivers, oceans, seas, lakes etc. Water evaporates not only from the surface of the earth, but from trees and plants. This process of evaporation of water from trees and plants is called transpiration. Water at the North and South Pole is in the form of snow and ice. At very low temperatures and high pressure snow is directly converted into vapors without having a liquid state. This process is known as sublimation and is much slower than evaporation. The water vapors rise in the air and from clouds. Water gets evaporated by absorbing the heat from the sun and the water can also evaporate by absorbing the heat from the surroundings and thus lowers the temperature of the nearby environment. When water evaporates all impurities are left behind, and the vapors that rise in the air are far pure than the water present on Earth (Hughes 23-27). As the water vapor rises in the air, the temperature decreases as a result of which the vapors condenses to form clouds or remain suspended in the air as fog. The clouds are formed by the accumulation of tiny water droplets. The tiny droplets of water keep on accumulating to form larger and larger clouds. These clouds travel to different parts of the globe and absorb more and more water to increase its size. When the clouds have no longer the ability to hold together, then the tiny droplets of water combine to form larger droplets of water. Also, at higher altitudes the temperature is extremely low. Hence, the water droplets lose their heat energy and fall down on earth as rain. If the temperature of the area is cold then there is a possibility that instead of rain the water droplets fall as snow, hail or sleet. Precipitation can also occur in the form of drizzle. By the process of precipitation the water that has

Marketing Information System Essay Example for Free

Marketing Information System Essay INTRODUCTION: Marketing was the first functional area to exhibit an interest in MIS. Shortly after the MIS concept originated, marketers tailored it to their area and called it the MKIS (MARKETING INFORMATION SYSTEM). Early graphic models of MKISs provide a basis for organizing all functional information systems. The MKIS consists of three input subsystems: AIS, marketing research, and marketing intelligence. The output subsystems address the information needs of the four ingredients of the marketing mix (product, place promotion, and price), plus an integration of the four. SUMMARY: FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE The term organizational structure refers to how the people in an organization are grouped and to whom they report. One traditional way of organizing people is by function. Some common functions within an organization include production, marketing, human resources and accounting. FUNCTIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS FIS also known as functional information system may be described as a computer program system which processes the daily information’s such as TPS (Transaction Processing Systems). MARKETING PRINCIPLES One definition states that marketing â€Å"consists of individual and organizational activities that facilitate and expedite satisfying exchange relationships in a dynamic environment through the creation, distribution, promotion, and pricing of goods, services and ideas.† THE MARKETING MIX The objective is to develop strategies that apply these resources to marketing the firm’s goods, services, and ideas. The marketing strategies consist of a mixture of ingredients called the Marketing Mix: product, promotion, place, and price. They are known as the four Ps. Product – is what the customer buys to satisfy a perceived want or need. A product can be a physical good, some type of service, or an idea. Promotion – is concerned with all the means of encouraging the sale of the product, including advertising and personal selling. Place – deals with the means of physically distributing the product to the customer through a channel of distribution. Price consists of all the elements relating to what the customer pays for the product. EVOLUTION OF THE MARKETING INFORMATION SYSTEMS CONCEPT In 1996 Professor Philip Kotler of Northwestern University used the term marketing nerve center to describe a new unit within marketing to gather and process marketing information. He identified the three types of marketing information. These are the following: Marketing Intelligence information that flows into the firm from the environment. Internal Marketing Information information that is gathered within the firm. Marketing Communications information that flows from the firm outward to the environment. EARLY MARKETING MODELS Brien and Stafford were among the first modelers. Basing their design on the four Ps and emphasizing the development of strategic marketing programs. King and Celand stressed strategic planning; whereas Kotler, Montgomery, and urban, and Crissy and Mossman emphasized decision support. These modeling efforts began in the 1960s and continued into the 1970s. MARKETING INFORMATION SYSTEM MODEL It consists of a combination of input and output subsystems connected by a database. Output Subsystems Each output subsystems provides information about its part of the mix. * Product Subsystems provides information about the firm’s products. * Place Subsystems provides information about the firm’s distribution network. * Promotion Subsystems provides information about the firm’s advertising and personal selling activities. * Price Subsystems helps the manager make pricing decisions. * Integrated-Mix Subsystems which enables the manager to develop strategies that considers the combined effects of the ingredients. Database A structured collection of data. The data that is used by the output subsystems comes from the database. Input Subsystems * Accounting Information System gathers data describing the firm’s marketing transactions. * Marketing Intelligence Subsystems gathers information from the firm’s environment that has a bearing on marketing operations. * Marketing Research Subsystems conducts special studies of marketing operations for the purpose of learning customer needs and improving marketing efficiency. ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEM The collection, storage and processing of financial and accounting data that is used by decision makers. An accounting information system is generally a computer-based method for tracking accounting activity in conjunction with information technology resources. The resulting statistical reports can be used internally by management or externally by other interested parties including investors, creditors and tax authorities. Data for Preparation of Periodic Reports A classic example of how marketing information can be provided by the AIS (Accounting Information System) is sales analysis. Sales Analysis is the study of the firm’s sales activity in terms of which products are being sold, which customer are buying the products, and which sales representatives are selling them. Data for Preparation of Special Reports The vast majority of data that is used to respond to managers’ database queries likely comes from the AIS, e.g. to prepare a sales analysis using 4GL. Data for Mathematical Models and Knowledge-Based Systems A mathematical model is a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling.